Tugas Penerjemahan Berbantuan Komputer

Saussure: Language as Social Fact

Toward the end of the century XII- Seem apparently everything looks good for the time, and some still remain convincing for the present. The similarities of language with biological has been widely rejected. This is make difficulty to understanding language as an academic discipline. If the language  is not the species of life. In the sense of whether the language is “stuff” that can be investigated? A layman pleased that French language is something that can be learned, which has a specific device and in some cases the same or similar to the English language but differ in other respects. But when the French language in an item and the item is something strange. It is clear that it is not a concrete object such as a table or as a stretch of land called French.  You can not see or hear the French language. You can hear is Gaston waiter said: “pas si bête..” You can see a line on a sheet of newspaper “Le Monde” but how can we interpret a being called the French language which is behind the thousands of concrete phenomena than can be observed as in the two earlier example? What kind of form that language? Biological paradigm shows the relationship between speech and French language as the relationship between certain carrots and carrot species; And up to the rejection of the biological paradigm opinion, this opinion has been regarded as satisfactory even though people can only see or eat carrots. People evaluated that it is pretty important to talk about carrots species and discuss, said, genetic relationship and species tubers. But at the first time biology had thrown to the side of the road; Second, the people have argued that the paradigm can not provide a complete answer to the on going discussion in biology. Because the species is an abstraction, at least individual species is a concrete thing. So many things can be easily perceived from the carrots. But the linguistic analogy in biological individual is idiolect; And almost all, not all, same as abstraction from the concept of language. We can not hear Gaston idiolect as a form; We can only hear the examples of idiolect. The comments that he says when he saw a tip that we left off, and it doesn’t has the example of parallels idiolect in biology. So, even though it’s not consider as a particular problem by linguists in the XIX century, question of “How does the meaning of the language or dialect of the underlying reality that can be perceived from certain utterances” is remain exist at that time. People who can answer the question that can satisfy linguists during his period of time and nowadays is Swiss academician: Ferdinand deSaussure.

Mongin Ferdinand deSaussure is his full name, born in Geneva in 1857, children of Huguenot family who moved from Lorraine during wars of religion at the end of XVI century in French. Even though people nowadays consider Saussure as the first man who gave the definition about synchronic linguistic – study about language as system in certain time, which divide as historical linguistic (which Saussure distinguished by the name diachronic linguistics) for linguists during his period was the only approach available to be learned that time – in his lifetime wasn’t meant to be famous. Saussure was educated as ancient linguist and in his young age was succeeded to publish a book title Memoire sur lesysteme primitive des voyelles dans les langues indo-europeennes (1878). The book published a few weeks after his twenty-firth birthday, when he was a student in German. It was one of proto indo-European language. Saussure give a speech about Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes in Paris from 1881 until 1891, before he went back to teach in Geneva, the entire publishing and almost his work more associated with historical linguistic rather than synchronic linguistic, with  a deep analysis concerning in various Indo-European language and not with the basic theory. Whereas, although Saussure produce his work on the theory of general linguistic at about 1890 (Koerner, 1973: 29). He seems reluctant to give it to someone else, and the story of how the ideas be in publishing is a strange thing. At the end of 1906, he was asked to take over responsibility in giving lectures on general linguistics and comparative history and languages of the Indo-European scholar who was quit his service for 30 years; Saussure taught the material in the rest of his study  in 1908-1909 and 1910-1911. In the first years, Saussure limit his study only about historical; but when he give it in the second years, he also included a brief introduction about synchronic linguistics and in the third years, all semesters are used to provide synchronous linguistic theory. Shortly after that, he died without a chance to publish any material from that theory. Some people have been asked to publish but he always replied that preparing the materials is very time-consuming, but two of his friends, Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye decided on a new fabric of the student notes with their lecture, Saussure. The book they produce is entitled Cours de linguistique Generale (Saussure 1916) can be used by scholars in the world to understand the thinking of Saussure and because of this the document, Saussure known as father of linguistic.

Tugas 3 Softskill

Article of Global Warming

Throughout its long history, Earth has warmed and cooled time and again. Climate has changed when the planet received more or less sunlight due to subtle shifts in its orbit, as the atmosphere or surface changed, or when the Sun’s energy varied. But in the past century, another force has started to influence Earth’s climate: humanity

How does this warming compare to previous changes in Earth’s climate? How can we be certain that human-released greenhouse gases are causing the warming? How much more will the Earth warm? How will Earth respond? Answering these questions is perhaps the most significant scientific challenge of our time.

What is Global Warming?

Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels. The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius (1.1 to 1.6° F) between 1906 and 2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the last 50 years. Temperatures are certain to go up further.

Despite ups and downs from year to year, global average surface temperature is rising. By the beginning of the 21st century, Earth’s temperature was roughly 0.5 degrees Celsius above the long-term (1951–1980) average. (NASA figure adapted from Goddard Institute for Space Studies Surface Temperature Analysis.)

Earth’s natural greenhouse effect

Earth’s temperature begins with the Sun. Roughly 30 percent of incoming sunlight is reflected back into space by bright surfaces like clouds and ice. Of the remaining 70 percent, most is absorbed by the land and ocean, and the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere. The absorbed solar energy heats our planet.

As the rocks, the air, and the seas warm, they radiate “heat” energy (thermal infrared radiation). From the surface, this energy travels into the atmosphere where much of it is absorbed by water vapor and long-lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.

When they absorb the energy radiating from Earth’s surface, microscopic water or greenhouse gas molecules turn into tiny heaters— like the bricks in a fireplace, they radiate heat even after the fire goes out. They radiate in all directions. The energy that radiates back toward Earth heats both the lower atmosphere and the surface, enhancing the heating they get from direct sunlight.

This absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere—the natural greenhouse effect—is beneficial for life on Earth. If there were no greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface temperature would be a very chilly -18°C (0°F) instead of the comfortable 15°C (59°F) that it is today.

The enhanced greenhouse effect

What has scientists concerned now is that over the past 250 years, humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at an ever-increasing rate, mostly by burning fossil fuels, but also from cutting down carbon-absorbing forests. Since the Industrial Revolution began in about 1750, carbon dioxide levels have increased nearly 38 percent as of 2009 and methane levels have increased 148 percent.

Source : http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/page2.php

Discussion of Sentence          :

1.       How will Earth respond?

This sentence include to simple future tense, especially in interrogative sentence.

Simple Future tense : S + Will + V1 ± O

Interrogative sentence : Question Words   +  Auxiliary  +  Subject   +       V1        ± O 

                                             How           +     Will        +    Earth    +    respond ?

2.       Earth’s temperature begins with the Sun.

This sentence include to simple present tense.

Simple present expresses daily habits or usual activities. The simple present also expresses general statements of fact. This sentence include to general statement of fact.

Simple present tense :                  S                              +              V1                          ±             O

                                                Earth’s temperature       +             begins                   +    with the sun

3.       Humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases

This sentence include to Present Perfect Progressive.

Present Perfect Progressive       : Subject (I,You,We,They) / (He,She,It)                   +   Have/Has   +                  Been                +             V-Ing     ±            O

                                                Humans             +             Have      +          Been     + artificially raising                   + the  concentration of greenhouse gases.

How to Write Complex Sentence

More and more candidates for better paying jobs are now required to submit writing samples as part of the interview process. Many applicants with strong verbal skills fail to make the second round of interviews because of their poor writing samples. Frequently, the problems are not unity or coherence, or even inadequate vocabulary/word choice. All too often, poor writers are categorized as such because they only write in simple or compound sentences. A few tips on how to improve writing, using complex sentences will get you through to that second round of interviews.

A Few Definitions and Examples

A simple sentence has a noun (person, place, thing, or idea), a verb (mental or physical action or “to-be” verb—is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been), and the rest of the sentence (known as the complement).

Example: John ran down the street.

A compound sentence combines two simple sentences with a conjunction (a connecting word such as and, but, or so).

Example: John ran down the street, and he saw the crime take place.

A complex sentence has an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. An independent clause means that there is a noun and a verb that express a complete thought. A dependent (subordinate) clause means that there is a noun and a verb that do not express a complete thought.
Example:
Ty completed all his chores (independent clause) + after eating his lunch (dependent clause) = Ty completed all his chores after eating his lunch.

How to Form Complex Sentences

Complex sentences can help define the relationship between complicated ideas and will make your writing more specific and interesting to read. Learn how to improve writing by adding dependent clauses to the beginning, middle, or end of your simple or compound sentences. Oh, by the way, if starting a sentence with a dependent clause, always follow the clause with a comma.

Dependent Clauses   

To improve writing, add adjective clauses, which describe nouns or pronouns. Transitions beginning adjective clauses include who, whose, on (for, of) whom to refer to people, that to refer to people or things, and which to refer only to things.

Example: whose work is well-known

To improve writing, add adverbial clauses, which describe describe an adjective, an adverb, or verb. Transitions beginning adverb clauses include after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even if, how, if, in order that, once, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, and while.

Example: as long as she can wait

To improve writing, add noun clauses, which describe are used as a subject, a complement (the rest of the sentence besides the subject and predicate), or as the object of a preposition. Transitions beginning noun clauses include that, what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, and whomever.
Example: whatever he demands

Source : http://www.edarticle.com/article.php?id=656

Active and Passive

http://www.slideshare.net/putriealwayz/active-and-passive-27142762?utm_source=ss&utm_medium=upload&utm_campaign=quick-view

"Bakso Luwes" jembatan 4 Rawalumbu, Bekasi Timur

“Bakso Luwes” jembatan 4 Rawalumbu

Bakso adalah makanan asli Indonesia, makanan yang berbentuk bulat ini banyak di gemari oleh masyarakat, bahkan bukan hanya masyarakat asli Indonesia tetapi warga Negara asing yg tinggal di Indonesia juga sangat menyukai bakso. Bakso biasa terbuat dari daging sapi yang sudah di haluskan lalu di bentuk bulat, dan di rebus. Bakso  biasa di sajikan dengan mie kuning dan bihun. Selain rasanya yang enak, harganya pun juga sangat terjangkau. Bakso bisa anda nikmati di mana saja, mulai dari pedagang kaki lima di pinggir jalan, sampai hotel  bintang 5 yang banyak menyajikan bakso sebagai menu khas Indonesia.

Saya sendiri sangat menyukai bakso, hampir setiap minggunya saya menyantap bakso di tempat favorit saya. Bakso yang menurut saya paling enak ini menyajikan dua menu andalannya, yaitu bakso urat dan bakso telur. Saya lebih menyukai bakso urat, karena rasa daging nya lebih kental. Tempat favorit saya ini bernama “bakso luwes” yang berada di jembatan 4 rawalumbu bekasi timur, tepatnya di depan sekolah widya nusantara. Harganya pun terjangkau yaitu hanya 9000/porsi. Tempat ini selalu ramai didatangi oleh pengunjung, bakso luwes biasa buka di siang hari sampai malam hari, bila anda ingin mencicipinya datanglah jangan terlalu malam, karena biasanya jam 8 malam bakso ini sudah habis terjual.